July 26, 2010 | Cancer occurs when cells in the body become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably. These cells form a growth of tissue called a tumor. A tumor can be benign or malignant. A benign tumor is not cancerous and usually can be removed without growing back. A malignant tumor is cancerous and can invade and damage the body’s healthy tissues and organs. When a range of malignant tumors appear in or around the throat, larynx, nose, salivary glands, sinuses or mouth, this is referred to as head and neck cancer. Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, meaning they begin in the flat, squamous cells that make up the thin, surface layer of the structures in the head and neck. Head and neck cancer accounts for about 3 to 5 percent of all cancers in the United States, most commonly occurring in men and people over the age of 50. In 2010, an estimated 49,260 people will develop head and neck cancer, with an estimated 11,480 dying as a result of it.

July 26, 2010 | A lump that does not heal, a sore throat that does not go away, difficulty in swallowing and hoarseness are just a few of the most common symptoms of head and neck cancer. A foul mouth odor, frequent nose bleeds and loosening of teeth are other possible signs of the disease. Unfortunately, many people with this form of cancer never display any of these symptoms, which can often be attributed to some medical condition other than cancer. About 50 percent of head and neck cancer cases are linked to tobacco usage. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk of developing this form of cancer even more. Prolonged sun exposure can cause cancer in the lip area while poor oral hygiene and a diet low in A and B vitamins have shown to increase the risk of head and neck cancer. In the past 10 years there’s been a significant increase in the association between the human papilloma virus, or HPV, and cancer of the tonsil and base of the tongue.

July 26, 2010 | If your physician suspects you might have head and neck cancer, you will be asked to undergo tests to make a definitive diagnosis and determine how far the disease has progressed. During a physical examination, the doctor feels for any lumps on the neck, lips, gums, and cheeks. Also, the doctor will inspect the nose, mouth, throat, and tongue for abnormalities, often using a light and a mirror for a clearer view. Blood tests may be performed to help diagnose the disease. Testing for viral infections, including HPV, may also be done. An endoscopy, which allows the doctor to see inside the body with a thin, lighted, flexible tube called an endoscope, may also be used. A biopsy or X-ray may also be necessary. A barium swallow may be used in conjunction with the X-ray to identify any abnormalities along the swallowing passage. If there are signs of cancer, the doctor may recommend a computed tomography, or CT scan, a three-dimensional X-ray.

July 26, 2010 | Many cancers of the head and neck can be cured, especially if they are found early. Although curing the cancer is the primary goal of treatment, preserving the function of the nearby nerves, organs, and tissues is also very important. According to Dr. James Suen of the UAMS Department of Otolaryngology, a treatment plan must take into consideration how the treatment might affect the patient’s quality of life, such as how the person looks, talks, eats, and breathes. Head and neck cancer specialists often form a multidisciplinary team to care for each patient, and an evaluation should be done before any treatment begins. The team may include oncologists; surgeons; otolaryngologists; plastic surgeons; audiologists; dietitians; dentists and speech pathologists. It is extremely important that a comprehensive plan is established prior to the start of therapy, and the patient may need to be seen by multiple specialists before a treatment plan is fully developed.

July 26, 2010 | Rehabilitation is a major part of follow-up care after head and neck cancer treatment. A patient may receive physical therapy to maintain movement and the range of movements, and speech therapy to regain skills, such as talking and swallowing. Proper evaluation and treatment may often prevent long-term speech and swallowing problems. Supportive care to manage symptoms and maintain nutrition during and after treatment may be recommended. People recovering from head and neck cancer are encouraged to follow established guidelines for good health, such as maintaining a healthy diet and having recommended cancer screening tests. If you’ve had head and neck cancer, talk with your doctor to develop a plan that is best for your needs. Moderate physical activity can help rebuild your strength and energy level. Your doctor can help you create an appropriate exercise plan based upon your physical abilities and fitness level.